SAAM II™ — the leading software for radiotracing kinetics.

Reference dosimetry workflows

SAAM II fits compartmental biokinetic models to tracer data, then supports dose coefficient calculation for regulatory and protection frameworks. Researchers use it to revise organ-level models that feed ICRP reference dosimetry.

• Multi-compartment biokinetic fitting for radionuclides
• Urinary excretion and dynamic bladder modeling
• Integration with IDAC-Dose and ICRP computational phantoms
• Stiff/non-stiff solvers for complex kinetic systems

A revised compartmental model for biokinetics and dosimetry of 2-[18F]FDG

Kamp A et al. Biokinetic parameters were derived in SAAM II to update the ICRP reference model for FDG — replacing the descriptive model in ICRP Publication 128.

From tracer kinetics to therapy PBPK

SAAM II supports the full radiopharmaceutical development arc: PET tracer biokinetics, receptor-targeted therapy modeling, and cross-platform PBPK validation against other simulation environments. Each capability below is grounded in peer-reviewed work built in SAAM II.

• β⁻-emitter therapy PBPK — PRRT with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE
• α-emitter biodistribution — alpha-emitting bismuth in rats and sstr2-targeting [²¹²Pb] ligands
• PET tracer kinetics — 2-[¹⁸F]FDG and [¹⁸F]-choline compartmental models
• Cross-platform PBPK validation against MATLAB/SimBiology

PBPK model for PRRT with [¹⁷⁷Lu]Lu-DOTA-TATE

Vasić V et al. A whole-body PBPK model implemented in SAAM II and MATLAB/SimBiology — direct comparison of model performance across platforms.

SAAM II for tracer and pharmacokinetic studies

Barrett PHR et al. The foundational description of SAAM II — including multicompartment tracer kinetics in metabolic and lipoprotein research.

Single-input multiple-output studies with forcing functions

Boston RC et al. Radiolabeled bolus studies decoupled with SAAM II forcing functions — a core technique in nuclear medicine kinetic modeling.